Software developed and deployed to the internet today is built on the shoulders of giants. Even a simple “Hello World” web-page depends on hundreds of millions of lines of code.
The surface area of modern systems is large. Applications and tools are run in spaces managed by operating systems and components which depend on open source or proprietary libraries and frameworks. Access to protocol implementations such as TCP/IP are required for network communication and access is mediated by routers, load balancers and switches.
